Saberes, tradiciones y prácticas de alimentación materno-infantil en localidades del Carso Huasteco hidalguense / Knowledge, traditions, and practices of maternal and child feeding in localities of the Huasteco hidalguense Carso

Resumen La alimentación durante los primeros 1000 días de vida (desde el vientre materno hasta los dos años) son fundamentales para la salud futura de una persona. Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar los saberes y prácticas alimentarias materno-infantiles en localidades rurales del Estado de Hidalgo en México. Estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo, observacional desde una perspectiva fenomenológica combinando técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas en 56 participantes y 7 informantes a quienes se entrevistó. El 48% de las mujeres entrevistadas ofrecieron leche materna exclusivamente durante 4 a 6 meses, el 57% destetó después del año. La familia fue la principal fuente de información de las mujeres (91%), por encima del personal de salud (80%), quien frecuentemente da opiniones contradictorias. El 71% prefirió el uso de conocimientos de herbolaria provenientes de parteras, hijas de parteras o adultas mayores. Los saberes, tradiciones y prácticas alimentarias de las madres de menores de dos años en el Carso Huasteco hidalguense, se basan en conocimientos tradicionales permeados por el discurso del personal de salud y los medios de comunicación, así como el acceso físico y económico a los alimentos procesados y frescos.

Abstract Nutrition during the first 1000 days of life (from the womb to two years of age) is fundamental for the future health of a person. The objective of this article is to analyze maternal and child feeding knowledge and practices in rural localities of the state of Hidalgo in Mexico. A cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was carried out from a phenomenological perspective combining quantitative and qualitative techniques in 56 participants and 7 informants who were interviewed. 48% of the women interviewed offered breast milk exclusively for 4 to 6 months, 57% weaned after one year. The family was the main source of information for the women (91%), above the health personnel (80%), who frequently gave contradictory opinions. Seventy-one percent preferred the use of herbal knowledge from midwives, daughters of midwives, or older women. The knowledge, traditions, and food practices of mothers of children under two years of age in the Carso Huasteco hidalguense are based on traditional knowledge permeated by the discourse of health personnel and the media, as well as physical and economic access to processed and fresh foods.

Fluoride Concentration in Urine after Supplementation with Quelites in a Population of Adolescents.

Wild plants have detoxifying and protective properties. They reduce or neutralize the toxic effects caused by chemical agents and pollutants and have beneficial effects on the nutritional and health status. This research was conducted to complement a previous clinical intervention in which participants were exposed to high concentrations of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water to discover similarities or differences in the pattern of fluoride (F-) excretion after supplementation with partial areas of purslane and quelite cenizo (SP-Q). The study was 4 weeks long, and it was carried out on a sample of 27 adolescents in an age range of 11-12 years. Anthropometric and dietary evaluations were performed, and the concentrations of fluoride (F-) in urine and drinking water were quantified using the potentiometric method with an ion-selective electrode. The treated group increased urinary F- excretion after the first week (Baseline: 9.23 mg/g creatinine; Week 2: 0.73 mg/g creatinine), together with significant mobilization of F- and a recovery process at the end of the intervention (Week 4: 0.52 mg/g creatinine). The supplement may act by increasing the excretion of F- and the nutritional dietary conditions that contribute to mitigation and recovery in participants exposed to the contaminant while also managing access to drinking water.

Sensitivity and specificity of body mass index and main risk factors for cardiovascular disease in middle-income urban participants in Guanajuato, Mexico.

Introduction: Introduction: several studies have questioned body mass index (BMI) as an accurate diagnostic tool for obesity and therefore a predictor of cardiovascular risk. But BMI is widely used currently. Objective: we analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of BMI and compared cardiovascular risk factors in middle-income urban participants in Guanajuato, Mexico, at different ages. Design: an analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out in 385 apparently healthy subjects, stratified by age ranges (20 to 59 years old). A high global CVD risk was obtained with the Framingham risk score (Framingham Risk Score > 20 %). The odds ratio was used to assess the association between high global CVD risk and the dietetic and anthropometric variables. Sensitivity, specificity, and correlation statistical analyses were carried out between BMI and other anthropometric variables with high cardiovascular risk, and this was integrated to derive recommendations to improve risk factor detection (p < 0.05 and power of 80 %). Results: a high global CVD risk was found in 4 % of the sample. BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 had a sensitivity of 77 % for the detection of high cardiovascular risk; waist circumference ≥ 90 cm (men) or ≥ 80 cm (women) and body fat percentage ≥ 2 5% (men) or ≥ 35 % (women) had a sensitivity of 100 %. BMI showed a significant association with high global CVD risk (OR = 6.1; 95 % CI, 1.6-22.6, p < 0.01), but was not able to predict high global CVD risk in at least 30 % of the cases. There was not significative difference by age group for waist circumference, body fat percentage, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein. Regarding the comparison of dietary intake of the stratified population by age group, intake of cholesterol, added sugars, fiber, sodium were highest in the 20 years group. Conclusions: a higher intake of cholesterol, simple sugars, and sodium was observed in the 20-year-old age group. The use of BMI with waist circumference and percentage of body fat used together allow a better assessment of cardiovascular risk. We need to integrate this new recommendation to increase early detection of main risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Introducción: Introducción: diversos estudios han cuestionado el índice de masa corporal (IMC) como herramienta diagnóstica certera de la obesidad y por tanto predictor de riesgo cardiovascular. Pero el IMC es ampliamente utilizado actualmente. Objetivo: se analizó la sensibilidad y especificidad del IMC y se compararon factores de riesgo cardiovascular en participantes de diferentes edades de zonas urbanas de ingresos medios en Guanajuato, México. Diseño: se realizó un estudio analítico y transversal en 385 participantes, aparentemente sanos, estratificados por rangos de edad (20 a 59 años). El riesgo de CVD global alto se obtuvo con la puntuación de riesgo de Framingham (puntuación de riesgo de Framingham > 20 %). Se calculó la odds ratio para evaluar la asociación entre el alto riesgo global de ECV y las variables dietéticas y antropométricas. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de sensibilidad, especificidad y correlación entre el IMC y otras variables antropométricas con el alto riesgo cardiovascular, y se integró para derivar recomendaciones para mejorar la detección de factores de riesgo (p < 0,05 y potencia del 80 %). Resultados: se encontró un alto riesgo global de ECV en el 4 % de la muestra. El IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2 tuvo una sensibilidad del 77 % para la detección del alto riesgo cardiovascular; la circunferencia de la cintura ≥ 90 cm (hombre) o ≥ 80 cm (mujer) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal ≥ 25 % (hombre) o ≥ 35 % (mujer) tuvo una sensibilidad del 100 %. El IMC mostró una asociación significativa con un alto riesgo global de ECV (OR = 6,1; IC 95 % 1,6-22,6; p < 0,01) pero no fue capaz de predecir un alto riesgo global de ECV en al menos el 30 % de los casos. No hubo diferencia significativa por grupo de edad para circunferencia de cintura, porcentaje de grasa corporal, colesterol total y lipoproteínas de baja densidad. Con respecto a la comparación de la ingesta dietética de la población estratificada por grupos de edad, la ingesta de colesterol, azúcares añadidos y sodio fue mayor en el grupo de 20 años. Conclusiones: se observó una mayor ingesta de colesterol, azúcares simples y sodio en el grupo de edad de 20 años. El uso del IMC con la circunferencia de la cintura y el porcentaje de grasa corporal utilizados conjuntamente permiten lograr una mejor evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular. Necesitamos contar con herramientas para aumentar la detección temprana de los principales factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular.

Sensitivity and specificity of body mass index and main risk factors for cardiovascular disease in middle-income urban participants in Guanajuato, Mexico / Sensibilidad y especificidad del índice de masa corporal y principales factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en participantes de zona urbana de ingresos medios en Guanajuato, México

Introduction: several studies have questioned body mass index (BMI) as an accurate diagnostic tool for obesity and therefore a predictor of cardiovascular risk. But BMI is widely used currently. Objective: we analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of BMI and compared cardiovascular risk factors in middle-income urban participants in Guanajuato, Mexico, at different ages. Design: an analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out in 385 apparently healthy subjects, stratified by age ranges (20 to 59 years old). A high global CVD risk was obtained with the Framingham risk score (Framingham Risk Score > 20 %). The odds ratio was used to assess the association between high global CVD risk and the dietetic and anthropometric variables. Sensitivity, specificity, and correlation statistical analyses were carried out between BMI and other anthropometric variables with high cardiovascular risk, and this was integrated to derive recommendations to improve risk factor detection (p < 0.05 and power of 80 %). (AU)

Introducción: diversos estudios han cuestionado el índice de masa corporal (IMC) como herramienta diagnóstica certera de la obesidad y por tanto predictor de riesgo cardiovascular. Pero el IMC es ampliamente utilizado actualmente. Objetivo: se analizó la sensibilidad y especificidad del IMC y se compararon factores de riesgo cardiovascular en participantes de diferentes edades de zonas urbanas de ingresos medios en Guanajuato, México. Diseño: se realizó un estudio analítico y transversal en 385 participantes, aparentemente sanos, estratificados por rangos de edad (20 a 59 años). El alto riesgo global de ECV se obtuvo con la puntuación de riesgo de Framingham (puntuación de riesgo de Framingham > 20 %). Se calculó la odds ratio para evaluar la asociación entre el alto riesgo global de ECV y las variables dietéticas y antropométricas. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de sensibilidad, especificidad y correlación entre el IMC y otras variables antropométricas con el alto riesgo cardiovascular, y se integró para derivar recomendaciones para mejorar la detección de factores de riesgo (p < 0,05 y potencia del 80 %). (AU)

Detección de riesgos nutricionales y metabólicos en trabajadores del Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública del Estado de Guanajuato / Detection of nutritional and metabolic risks in workers of State Laboratory of Public Health of the State of Guanajuato

Introduction: There is sufficient evidence of the risks as-sociated with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseasewith obesity. Occupational health continues to be a challengeto integrate the detection of metabolic risks and timely inter-ventions that prevent disability and deterioration of the qual-ity of life. Objective: To detect nutritional and metabolic risks in lab-oratory workers. Materials and methods: A descriptive and cross-sec-tional study was carried out in 26 workers (21 women and 5men) from a State Laboratory of Public Health of the State ofGuanajuato; Anthropometric indicators (weight, height, cir-cumference, percentage of body fat), biochemical indicators(glucose, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, creatinine andurea) were measured. Metabolic syndrome was analisys inthe participants. Results: The average age of the participants was 36.5 ±12 years; 50% of the women presented obesity and 76% apercentage of body fat higher than recommended. Mean glu-cose was 79±9 g/dL, cholesterol 176 ± 31 mg / dL, HDL12.9±49 mg/dL, LDL 23.9±97 mg/dL, triglycerides 152 ± 80mg / dL, Creatinine 0, 6±0.1 mg/dL and urea 25 ± 6.6 mg/dL. Metabolic syndrome were detected in five women. Conclusion: A cardiometabolic risk of 23.8% was found,mainly due to the presence of obesity, distribution, and per-centage of body fat in the workers, which with the averageage the early risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertensionand dyslipidemia.(AU)

Inseguridad alimentaria y su asociación con la obesidad y los riesgos cardiometabólicos en mujeres mexicanas / Food insecurity and its association with obesity and cardiometabolic risks in Mexican women

OBJETIVO: realizar una revisión de la principal evidencia científica que asocie la inseguridad alimentaria con una mayor frecuencia de obesidad y riesgos cardiometabólicos en mujeres mexicanas. DISEÑO: revisión sistemática. Fuentes de datos: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts y PAIS Index. Selección de estudios: artículos que reunieran los criterios de calidad de las revistas e integraran la situación de inseguridad alimentaria y salud, en los que se viera la situación de vulnerabilidad en las estadísticas actuales de enfermedades y riesgos cardiometabólicos asociados con la situación de inseguridad alimentaria en mujeres y sus hogares. Extracción de datos: relevancia y calidad de los resultados respecto a la seguridad alimentaria, la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, e indicadores socioambientales en las mujeres. RESULTADOS: los hogares encabezados por mujeres presentaron mayor riesgo de tener algún grado de inseguridad alimentaria o carencia alimentaria, asociándose esta con la presencia de obesidad y sobrepeso (RR = 1,28 a 2,97; IC 95 %: 1,08-1,44 a 1,52-6,14) así como con el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiometabólicas como la diabetes mellitus (siendo el embarazo, como antecedente, un factor de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes e hipertensión), presentar partos prematuros, tener menor estatura en la etapa adulta, una deficiencia de micronutrimentos como el hierro y de vitaminas antioxidantes. CONCLUSIONES: la evidencia encontrada muestra una asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria encontrada en las mujeres y sus hogares con una mayor probabilidad de presentar sobrepeso y obesidad, así como el desarrollo de una enfermedad de índole cardiometabólica (diabetes, hipertensión), además de anemia y deficiencia de vitaminas

OBJECTIVE: we conducted a systematic review of the main scientific evidence that associates food insecurity with a higher frequency of obesity and cardiometabolic risks in Mexican women. DESIGN: a systematic review. Data sources: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts and PAIS Index. Selection criteria: articles that met the journal quality criteria and integrated food status with health insecurity, in which the situation of vulnerability in the current statistics for cardiometabolic diseases and risks that are associated with food insecurity was shown in women and their homes. Data analysis: relevance and quality of the results regarding food security, the presence of overweight and obesity, and socio-environmental indicators in women. RESULTS: households headed by women who are at higher risk of having some degree of food insecurity or food assistance associated with the presence of obesity and overweight (RR = 1.28 to 2.97; 95 % CI: 1.08-1.44 to 1.52-6.14) as well as the development of cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (with a history of pregnancy as risk factor for developing diabetes and hypertension) presenting premature labor, shorter stature in the adult stage, a deficiency in micronutrients such as iron and antioxidant vitamins. CONCLUSION: the evidence found shows an association of food insecurity as found in women and their homes with a greater risk of being overweight and obese, as well as the development of a cardiometabolic disease (diabetes, hypertension), in addition to anemia and vitamin deficiency

[Food insecurity and its association with obesity and cardiometabolic risks in Mexican women]. / Inseguridad alimentaria y su asociación con la obesidad y los riesgos cardiometabólicos en mujeres mexicanas.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: we conducted a systematic review of the main scientific evidence that associates food insecurity with a higher frequency of obesity and cardiometabolic risks in Mexican women. Design: a systematic review. Data sources: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts and PAIS Index. Selection criteria: articles that met the journal quality criteria and integrated food status with health insecurity, in which the situation of vulnerability in the current statistics for cardiometabolic diseases and risks that are associated with food insecurity was shown in women and their homes. Data analysis: relevance and quality of the results regarding food security, the presence of overweight and obesity, and socio-environmental indicators in women. Results: households headed by women who are at higher risk of having some degree of food insecurity or food assistance associated with the presence of obesity and overweight (RR = 1.28 to 2.97; 95 % CI: 1.08-1.44 to 1.52-6.14) as well as the development of cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (with a history of pregnancy as risk factor for developing diabetes and hypertension) presenting premature labor, shorter stature in the adult stage, a deficiency in micronutrients such as iron and antioxidant vitamins. Conclusion: the evidence found shows an association of food insecurity as found in women and their homes with a greater risk of being overweight and obese, as well as the development of a cardiometabolic disease (diabetes, hypertension), in addition to anemia and vitamin deficiency.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la principal evidencia científica que asocie la inseguridad alimentaria con una mayor frecuencia de obesidad y riesgos cardiometabólicos en mujeres mexicanas. Diseño: revisión sistemática. Fuentes de datos: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts y PAIS Index. Selección de estudios: artículos que reunieran los criterios de calidad de las revistas e integraran la situación de inseguridad alimentaria y salud, en los que se viera la situación de vulnerabilidad en las estadísticas actuales de enfermedades y riesgos cardiometabólicos asociados con la situación de inseguridad alimentaria en mujeres y sus hogares. Extracción de datos: relevancia y calidad de los resultados respecto a la seguridad alimentaria, la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, e indicadores socioambientales en las mujeres. Resultados: los hogares encabezados por mujeres presentaron mayor riesgo de tener algún grado de inseguridad alimentaria o carencia alimentaria, asociándose esta con la presencia de obesidad y sobrepeso (RR = 1,28 a 2,97; IC 95 %: 1,08-1,44 a 1,52-6,14) así como con el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiometabólicas como la diabetes mellitus (siendo el embarazo, como antecedente, un factor de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes e hipertensión), presentar partos prematuros, tener menor estatura en la etapa adulta, una deficiencia de micronutrimentos como el hierro y de vitaminas antioxidantes. Conclusiones: la evidencia encontrada muestra una asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria encontrada en las mujeres y sus hogares con una mayor probabilidad de presentar sobrepeso y obesidad, así como el desarrollo de una enfermedad de índole cardiometabólica (diabetes, hipertensión), además de anemia y deficiencia de vitaminas.

Nutritional status and food intake in women with humanpapillomavirus

Introduction: Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the mainlycause of cervical cancer. Nutritional management considerationswith antioxidant rich diet, an adequate BMI range are protectivefactors that can modify the disease natural progression. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status and foodintake in women with HPV. Methods: A cross-sectional study in 75 women of 18 to 35years old, selected by simple availability. A frequency foodintake was applied and analyzed with adequacy percentage.Nutritional status and risk factors as tobacco smoke wereassessed. Results: A 66% of women were obese or overweight.Tobacco was positive in 36%. The energy intake was covered in73%, 84% for lipid, 52% for protein and 66% for carbohydrates.Micronutrient intake was according recommendations.MaritalStatus, Smoking, Firs sexual intercourse age <18, obesity oroverweight, Waist circumference >80cm were risk factorsassociated between group 18 to 28 years vs 29 to 35 years old.Frecuency food intake were low for foods rich in acid folic,carotenoids, vitamin C mainly. Conclusions: This evidence showed the poor nutrimentsintake in the participants related with antioxidant function,that is important for treatment in premalignant lesion forHPV. These results highlight the importance of nutritionalmanagement considerations in prevention for resolution ofhuman papillomavirus premalignant lesions. (AU)

Repurposing Individualized Nutritional Intervention as a Therapeutic Component to Prevent the Adverse Effects of Radiotherapy in Patients With Cervical Cancer.

Worldwide, cervical cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer death among women, while in Mexico was the second cause (5.28%). Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy have a high risk of malnutrition secondary to the disease and treatment, affects the patient's overall, with adverse effects on gastrointestinal symptoms. These use affects the medical therapy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the benefits on individualized nutritional therapy on decrease weight loss and gastrointestinal adverse effects and to consider these outcomes in pharmacology research, especially in repurposing drugs. We conducted a longitudinal design with two comparation groups with medical diagnosis of cervical cancer and received radiotherapy weekly, 1) the intervention group (nutritional intervention and counseling -INC-) with 20 participants and 2) control group (retrospective cohort -CG-) with 9 participants. Weekly body composition, dietary intake, adverse effects (gastrointestinal symptoms), glucose, hemoglobin, and blood pressure were analyzed during 4 to 5 weeks. Both groups had weight loss weekly (p = 0.013 and p = 0.043 respectively) but the CG vs INC presented loss fat-free mass ≥500g in 67 and of 37% respectively. By the end of the intervention a 25% of the INC group had <10 g/dL of hemoglobin vs 60% for the CG. To compare the dietary intake of vitamins (A and folic acid), fiber (p = 0.006), iron (p = 0.03) and energy (mainly carbohydrates) (p = 0.04) were according to the recommendations in INC group (p>0.05). The number needed to treat was 4 (95% CI, 2 to 13). The nutritional intervention and counseling weekly during radiotherapy in cervical cancer to maintain/improve muscle mass, hemoglobin, and dietary intake above 70% of the recommendations for INC group compared to the evidence. Adequate nutritional status was maintained and decrease the rate of complications, mainly gastrointestinal symptoms, in INC group. The efficacy of drug repurposing can improve through individualized nutritional therapy for preventing adverse effects of radiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer.

5'UTR methylation in different genes from workers exposed to volatile organic compounds: A new insight for considering an epigenetic mark as a functional correlate.

Gene-specific methylation has been related with transcriptional/translational consequences in different cells; also, this epigenetic modification is affected by environmental exposures. In previous studies, CYP2E1 activity in toluene-exposed workers was decreased compared to controls, however, CYP2E1 promoter methylation levels did not show significant differences. Here, we compared gene-specific methylation levels at the 5'UTR region, in a subset of workers whom already participated in two former studies, compared to controls. METHODS: DNA was obtained from whole blood in five different groups: occupationally exposed to a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOC): high levels (n = 19); low levels (n = 19) and very low levels (n = 17), toluene-exposed workers (n = 19) and control group (n = 19). We performed PCR-pyrosequencing at the 5'UTR region from four genes: CYP2E1, IL-6, SOD1 and TNF-α. RESULTS: In participants exposed to high levels of a VOC mixture, we found significant differences: lower methylation levels for IL-6, and higher methylation levels for TNF-α compared to controls. In toluene-exposed workers, we found significant, lower methylation levels for CYP2E1 compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Lower methylation levels at the 5'UTR region from CYP2E1 in toluene exposed-workers, suggests that this epigenetic modification could represent a functional correlate regarding enzymatic activity, as a response to toluene biotransformation.

Cancer prevention programmes in Mexico: are we doing enough?

Cancer has increased in all the countries of the world and Mexico is no exception. The recognised risk factors for the main types of cancer are reviewed and searched through the Mexican government web pages and cancer prevention programmes to tackle the risk factors in the population. The Mexican government, a member of the World Health Organization, shows that the main approach is an early diagnosis rather than prevention, forgetting that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Effective public programmes should be promoted to reduce preventable risk factors in the population (smoking, nutrition, obesity, diet, environmental toxicity, sedentary lifestyle) and control the non-preventable factors (genetics) if we really want to control the incidence of different types of cancer.

Food insecurity in homes of mothers of premature newborns with anthropometric alterations at birth

INTRODUCTION: Preterm newborns are physiologically immature and have special nutritional needs for growing and developing adequately. There are not enough studies that show a relationship between food insecurity in households with premature infants. OBJECTIVE: To analyze food insecurity in the homes of preterm infants and identify its association with variables like family status and newborn anthropometry (weight, length, and head circumference). METHODS: A Cross sectional study was conducte in 45 mothers who were applied the Latin American and Caribbean Household Food Security Scale, with preterm newborns from 30 to 37 weeks of gestation (WG) in a public hospital. RESULTS: A 49% households had food security while 51% had food insecutiry (28.8%, 8.8%, 13.3% had mild, moderate, and severe food insecurity respectively). There were differences between the groups more than 1 day of hospital stay (72% households with food security vs 95% households with food insecurity, p = 0.044). The anthropomethric variables showed significant differences for the weight (p = 0.015), length (p = 0.027) and head circumference (p = 0.002) for the newborns with and without food security. CONCLUSIONS: It is not only important to control nutrition during pregnancy, but also food security, especially severe food insecurity that the anthropometric variables of preterm newborns can have an impact

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Importancia nutricional y actividad biológica de los compuestos bioactivos de quelites consumidos en México / Nutritional importance and biological activity of bioactive compounds from quelites consumed in Mexico

Sólo un 30% de los hogares en México, presentan seguridad alimentaria, es decir, un gran porcentaje de los hogares y por ende de la población no satisfacen las necesidades básicas diarias de macro y micronutrimentos. Los quelites, que se definen como plantas silvestres comestibles (hojas, tallos y flores) son una fuente accesible, continua, económica y adecuada de nutrimentos. Sin embargo, su consumo ha disminuido por modificaciones en las preferencias alimentarias, derivadas de los cambios en estilos de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue valorizar a los quelites como fuente de alimento. Los quelites, aportan proteínas, aminoácidos, minerales (Ca, Mg, Zn), vitaminas (E, C) y fibra. Además, son una excelente fuente de compuestos bioactivos, como ácidos fenólicos (ácido cafeico, ferúlico) y flavonoides (quercetina, kaempferol, espinacetina), carotenoides, ácido α-linolénico y betalainas, que presentan elevada actividad antioxidante. Su consumo habitual se ha relacionado con beneficios a la salud, tales como efectos antitumorales, antihiperlipidémicos y antidiabéticos. Los quelites, además de estar disponibles en forma silvestre, forman parte de las tradiciones culinarias de México, incorporados de forma cruda y cocida en los platillos regionales. Por lo tanto, la revalorización y reincorporación de los quelites en la dieta, puede coadyuvar a cubrir las necesidades nutrimentales, en poblaciones con poco acceso o inseguridad alimentaria, además de contribuir a proporcionar efectos adicionales a través de sus compuestos bioactivos.

Only 30% of households in Mexico present food security, which means a large percentage of households and the population does not meet their needs in terms of macro and micronutrients. Thus, quelites, which are defined as wild edible plants, are an accessible, continuous, economical and adequate source of nutrients. However, quelite consumption in Mexico has been decreasing in response to changes in food preferences and lifestyles, including increased exposure to hypercaloric foods. Therefore, the aim of this work was to discuss the value of quelites as a food source rich in nutrients, proteins, amino acids, minerals (Ca, Mg, Zn), vitamins (E, C) and fiber. We also discuss how quelites are good source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid) and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, spinacetin), carotenoids, α-linolenic acid and betalaines. There use have been mainly related to the anti-tumor, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic benefits. We further discuss topics related to the culinary traditions of Mexico and the incorporation of quelites in the raw and cooked form in regional markets. The revaluation and the reincorporation of quelites in the diet can help meet nutritional needs, in addition to possibly providing additional health benefits.

Association between food insecurity and perinatal risk factors with hearing problems in preterm birth / Asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y factores de riesgo prenatales con problemas de audición en prematuros

Background: hearing disorders in the premature newborns impact on their development and language and therefore, on their quality of life. Several risk factors have been associated to these conditions, but little is known about socioeconomic, nutrition factors and food security. Objective: to analyze the association between food security and prenatal risk factors in newborns with hearing disorders. Material and methods: study of 35 cases and 105 controls in premature newborns from 30 to 37 weeks of gestation (WG) in a public hospital. The working tool was a questionnaire to collect data about the maternal medical record and the anthropometry of the newborn, as well as the risk factors for the auditory function, sociodemographic aspects, and food security with its respective classification and food habits. Results: the principal perinatal risk factor associated to hearing impairment was the use of gentamycin (ototoxic drug) in 18.1% of the total (OR: 5.61 [1.29-24.50]). Severe food insecurity was associated with auditory disfunctions in 27.2% of cases and in 2.8% of controls (OR: 12.75 [2.89-56.16]). There were differences between the groups regarding the education level (cases: 50% of the mothers finished or interrupted primary education level vs controls with 19%; Ji2 = 0.008). The anthropomorphic variables showed differences in weight, length and cephalic perimeter for the newborns (p < 0.000). Conclusion: severe food insecurity, exposure to gentamycin and low education level of the mother had a significant association with auditory impairments in preterm children. For these newborns, variables like weight, length and cephalic perimeter at the moment of birth were lower than in controls. These initial findings point to the important role that environmental risks, like food insecurity, have in auditory impairments in addition to those previously described

Introducción: las alteraciones auditivas en el recién nacido prematuro impactan en su desarrollo y lenguaje y por ende a la calidad de vida. Se conocen varios factores de riesgo asociados a estas alteraciones, pero poco sobre los aspectos socioeconómicos, nutricionales y de inseguridad alimentaria. Objetivo: analizar la asociación con la inseguridad alimentaria y los factores de riesgo prenatales en prematuros con problemas de audición. Material y métodos: estudio de 35 casos y 105 controles, en prematuros de 30 a 37 SDG de un hospital público, realizado a través de una encuesta donde se recopilaron datos del expediente materno y del recién nacido (antropometría), así como factores de riesgo para alteración auditiva, aspectos sociodemográficos, seguridad alimentaria con sus respectivas clasificaciones y tipo de alimentación. Resultados: el principal factor de riego perinatal asociado a las alteraciones auditivas fue la administración de gentamicina (antibiótico ototóxico) en 18,1% de los casos (OR: 5,61 [IC = 1,29-24,50]). La inseguridad alimentaria severa se asoció con las alteraciones auditivas, en 27,2% de casos y en 2,8% de controles (OR: 12,75 [IC = 2,89-56,16]). Además, se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos para el nivel de escolaridad (casos: 50% de las madres tuvieron primaria terminada o incompleta vs. controles con 19%; Ji2 = 0,008) y Las variables antropométricas presentaron diferencias en peso, longitud y perímetro cefálico (p < 0,000). Conclusión: la inseguridad alimentaria severa, exposición a gentamicina, el nivel de escolaridad de la madre, tuvieron una asociación significativa con las alteraciones auditivas en el prematuro. Variables como el peso, longitud y perímetro cefálico al nacimiento presentaron valores inferiores en el grupo casos. Estos primeros hallazgos, reflejan riesgos ambientales como la inseguridad alimentaria en las alteraciones auditivas además de las ya conocidas

Association between food insecurity and perinatal risk factors with hearing problems in preterm birth.

INTRODUCTION: Background: hearing disorders in the premature newborns impact on their development and language and therefore, on their quality of life. Several risk factors have been associated to these conditions, but little is known about socioeconomic, nutrition factors and food security. Objective: to analyze the association between food security and prenatal risk factors in newborns with hearing disorders. Material and methods: study of 35 cases and 105 controls in premature newborns from 30 to 37 weeks of gestation (WG) in a public hospital. The working tool was a questionnaire to collect data about the maternal medical record and the anthropometry of the newborn, as well as the risk factors for the auditory function, sociodemographic aspects, and food security with its respective classification and food habits. Results: the principal perinatal risk factor associated to hearing impairment was the use of gentamycin (ototoxic drug) in 18.1% of the total (OR: 5.61 [1.29-24.50]). Severe food insecurity was associated with auditory disfunctions in 27.2% of cases and in 2.8% of controls (OR: 12.75 [2.89-56.16]). There were differences between the groups regarding the education level (cases: 50% of the mothers finished or interrupted primary education level vs controls with 19%; Ji2 = 0.008). The anthropomorphic variables showed differences in weight, length and cephalic perimeter for the newborns (p < 0.000). Conclusion: severe food insecurity, exposure to gentamycin and low education level of the mother had a significant association with auditory impairments in preterm children. For these newborns, variables like weight, length and cephalic perimeter at the moment of birth were lower than in controls. These initial findings point to the important role that environmental risks, like food insecurity, have in auditory impairments in addition to those previously described.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: las alteraciones auditivas en el recién nacido prematuro impactan en su desarrollo y lenguaje y por ende a la calidad de vida. Se conocen varios factores de riesgo asociados a estas alteraciones, pero poco sobre los aspectos socioeconómicos, nutricionales y de inseguridad alimentaria. Objetivo: analizar la asociación con la inseguridad alimentaria y los factores de riesgo prenatales en prematuros con problemas de audición. Material y métodos: estudio de 35 casos y 105 controles, en prematuros de 30 a 37 SDG de un hospital público, realizado a través de una encuesta donde se recopilaron datos del expediente materno y del recién nacido (antropometría), así como factores de riesgo para alteración auditiva, aspectos sociodemográficos, seguridad alimentaria con sus respectivas clasificaciones y tipo de alimentación. Resultados: el principal factor de riego perinatal asociado a las alteraciones auditivas fue la administración de gentamicina (antibiótico ototóxico) en 18,1% de los casos (OR: 5,61 [IC = 1,29-24,50]). La inseguridad alimentaria severa se asoció con las alteraciones auditivas, en 27,2% de casos y en 2,8% de controles (OR: 12,75 [IC = 2,89-56,16]). Además, se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos para el nivel de escolaridad (casos: 50% de las madres tuvieron primaria terminada o incompleta vs. controles con 19%; Ji2 = 0,008) y Las variables antropométricas presentaron diferencias en peso, longitud y perímetro cefálico (p < 0,000). Conclusión: la inseguridad alimentaria severa, exposición a gentamicina, el nivel de escolaridad de la madre, tuvieron una asociación significativa con las alteraciones auditivas en el prematuro. Variables como el peso, longitud y perímetro cefálico al nacimiento presentaron valores inferiores en el grupo casos. Estos primeros hallazgos, reflejan riesgos ambientales como la inseguridad alimentaria en las alteraciones auditivas además de las ya conocidas.

Amenazas, desafíos y oportunidades para la salud medioambiental pediátrica en Europa, América Latina y el Caribe / Threats, challenges and opportunities for paediatric environmental health in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean

En un mundo cada vez más tecnológico e interconectado, pero también más violento, esquilmado y contaminado, la salud medioambiental pediátrica (SMAP) constituye una de las mejores contribuciones para mejorar la salud global. Pocas zonas del planeta tienen una afinidad tan alta en valores e intereses como la Unión Europea (UE), América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Las inversiones y actuaciones de la SMAP en periodos pre y posnatales durante las dos primeras décadas de vida generarán incontables beneficios en la salud y en el bienestar general en todas las épocas posteriores de la vida. Detectar, disminuir o eliminar los contaminantes físicos, químicos, biológicos y sociales es una de las principales misiones y acciones de la SMAP. En este artículo especial describimos, actualizamos y divulgamos las amenazas, los desafíos y las oportunidades de cooperación en la SMAP entre los profesionales biosanitarios y restantes sectores sociales implicados de la UE y de ALC. Surgen nuevos perfiles profesionales, estructuras de conocimiento y arquitecturas para el compromiso. Se requerirán liderazgos valientes, nuevos recursos sustanciales, amplios cambios sociales y la necesaria colaboración entre ambas regiones para mejorar la salud de las generaciones presentes y futuras

In a world that is increasingly technological and interconnected, but also more violent, overexploited and polluted, Paediatric Environmental Health (PEH) is one of the best contributions to improve global health. Few areas of the planet have a high affinity with common values and interests, such as the European Union (EU), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The investments and actions of the PEH in pre- and postnatal periods during the first two decades of life will generate countless benefits in the health and well-being during the human life span. Detecting, reducing, or eliminating physical, chemical, biological and social pollutants is one of the main missions and actions of the PEH. In this special article, an update review is presented on the threats, challenges and cooperation opportunities in PEH among bio-health professionals and other social sectors involved, from the EU and LAC. New professional profiles, knowledge structures and architectures for engagement emerge. Courageous leaderships, new substantial resources, broad social changes, and the necessary collaboration between the two regions will be required to improve the health of present and future generations

[Threats, challenges and opportunities for paediatric environmental health in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean]. / Amenazas, desafíos y oportunidades para la salud medioambiental pediátrica en Europa, América Latina y el Caribe.

In a world that is increasingly technological and interconnected, but also more violent, overexploited and polluted, Paediatric Environmental Health (PEH) is one of the best contributions to improve global health. Few areas of the planet have a high affinity with common values and interests, such as the European Union (EU), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The investments and actions of the PEH in pre- and postnatal periods during the first two decades of life will generate countless benefits in the health and well-being during the human life span. Detecting, reducing, or eliminating physical, chemical, biological and social pollutants is one of the main missions and actions of the PEH. In this special article, an update review is presented on the threats, challenges and cooperation opportunities in PEH among bio-health professionals and other social sectors involved, from the EU and LAC. New professional profiles, knowledge structures and architectures for engagement emerge. Courageous leaderships, new substantial resources, broad social changes, and the necessary collaboration between the two regions will be required to improve the health of present and future generations.

Effect of a Supplementation with Two Quelites on Urinary Excretion of Arsenic in Adolescents Exposed to Water Contaminated with the Metalloid in a Community in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico.

Quelites are Mexican wild plants, reported as excellent sources of nutritional compounds such as amino acids (serine, glycine, and cysteine), minerals (Mg, Fe, and Zn), and phytochemicals, as phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (phloridzin and naringenin); on the other hand, high biological activity has been shown in these compounds. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of a supplementation with two endemic quelites of Mexico (Chenopodium berlandieri L. and Portulaca Oleracea L.); in addition to supplementation, a nutritional intervention was performed; the biomarkers of hemoglobin (Hb), urinary malondialdehyde (UMDA), and urinary arsenic (UAs) were measured in adolescents exposed to arsenic. A clinical intervention study was conducted in 27 adolescents ages 11 to 12 years for 4 weeks. Weekly anthropometric and dietary evaluations were carried out, as well as the concentration of Hb; the UMDA and UAs were performed by plate-based colorimetric measurement and atomic absorption spectrophotometry with the hydrides generation system, respectively. The results showed that UMDA concentrations had a significant improvement in the supplemented group (SG) vs. control group (CG) (SG = 1.59 ± 0.89 µM/g creatinine vs. CG = 2.90 ± 0.56 µM/g creatinine) in the second week of intervention; on the other hand, the supplemented group showed an increase in Hb levels (15.12 ± 0.99 g/dL) in the same week; finally after the second week, an increase in UAs levels was observed significantly compared to the baseline value (Baseline: 56.85; Week 2: 2.02 µg/g creatinine). Therefore, the results show that the mixture of quelites (a rich source of phytochemicals and nutrients) improved hemoglobin and UMDA levels, and urinary arsenic excretion from the second week in the exposed population.

Nivel de Seguridad Alimentaria en beneficiarios de Comedores Comunitarios del programa Cruzada Nacional contra el Hambre (México) / Level of Food Security in households of community kitchen of the National Crusade against Hunger program (Mexico)

Fundamentos: Se entiende por Seguridad Alimentaria cuando todas las personas tienen acceso físico, social y económico a suficientes alimentos para satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias. El objetivo fue comparar el nivel de seguridad alimentaria de los beneficiarios de Comedores Comunitarios con y sin huerto comunitario pertenecientes al programa de la Cruzada Nacional contra el hambre. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal y comparativo en tres comedores comunitarios, seleccionados con huerto (n=1) y sin huerto (n=2). Se utilizó la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria, un cuestionario de caracterización y de características del huerto. Se obtuvieron datos sobre el acceso a otros programas sociales, servicios básicos de salud, educación, características del huerto y seguridad alimentaria. Resultados: La frecuencia de seguridad alimentaria de los comedores con y sin huerto fue de 16,67% y 10,00% respectivamente. La inseguridad alimentaria severa se presentó en 10,00% y 25,00% respectivamente. Según la ELCSA, el 48,93% de los hogares beneficiarios de comedores con huerto reportaron tener variedad de alimentos, mientras que en hogares de comedores sin huerto se reportó el 14,28% (p=0,003). Los principales alimentos cultivados fueron frijol, verduras y maíz). Conclusiones: El grupo con huerto reportó mayor seguridad alimentaria y menor inseguridad alimentaria severa en hogares sin menores de 18 años

Background: Food Security is when all people have physical, social and economic access to enough food to meet their dietary needs. The objective was to compare the level of food security of the beneficiaries of community kitchens with and without community orchard belonging to the National Crusade against Hunger program. Methods: A cross sectional and comparative study was carried outin three community kitchens, selected with community orchard (n = 1) and without community garden (n = 2). It was used the Latin American and Caribbean Scale of Food Security, a characterization questionnaire and garden characteristics questionnaire. Data on access to other social programs, basic health services, education, orchard characteristics and food security were obtained. Results: The frequency of food security of the community kitchens with and without orchard was presented in 16.67% and 10.00% respectively. Severe food insecurity was presented in 10.00% and 25.00% respectively. According to the ELCSA, an 48.93% of beneficiary households with garden reported having a variety of food, while households without orchard reported 14.28% (p= 0.003). The main foods grown in the community garden were beans, vegetables and corn. Conclusions: The orchard group reported greater food security and less severe food insecurity in households without children under 18

[Effect of a four-week vitamin and mineral supplementation on the nutritional status and urinary excretion of arsenic in adolescents]. / Efecto de una suplementación de vitaminas y minerales de cuatro semanas sobre el estado nutricio y excreción urinaria de arsénico en adolescentes.

INTRODUCTION: adequate nutrition in adolescence is important for growth and development. There are environmental factors that cannot be avoided, such as exposure to heavy metals through natural sources such as water. Arsenic is a metalloid that can cause damage to health (alterations in nutritional status, diabetes, cancer) and it has been found in concentrations higher than those allowed in drinking water. OBJECTIVE: to measure the effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on the nutritional status and urinary excretion of arsenic in adolescents exposed to this metal through drinking water. MATERIAL AND METHODS: an observational, follow-up study of a cohort was conducted to assess the efficacy of vitamin and mineral supplementation on supplementation in 45 adolescents exposed to arsenic in drinking water, who were given a daily multivitamin supplement for four weeks. Weekly nutritional status and arsenic levels in urine and drinking water were evaluated. RESULTS: the basal nutritional intake was low for proteins, fiber, folic acid, vitamin B2, B6, B12, E, C, selenium and iron, increasing their consumption through the supplement during the intervention and with an increase of approximately 1 g/dl of hemoglobin in all participants. At the end of the intervention, there was an increase in fat-free mass and a decrease in the percentage of body fat. In relation to the urinary excretion of arsenic, the biggest elimination of this metalloid was observed from the first week of intervention (35.91 µg/g Cr [IC 95% = 23.2-74.8 µg/g Cr]), which was statistically significant compared to basal levels of urinary arsenic (43.2 µg/g Cr [IC 95% = 30.8-117.6 µg/g Cr]) (p < 0.05), with an average water consumption with As of 96.2 ± 7.5 µg/l. CONCLUSION: four weeks of supplementation with vitamins and minerals in the adolescent population studied improved nutritional status and increased metalloid excretion significantly in the first and second week after intervention.

Introducción: la adecuada nutrición en la adolescencia es de importancia para el crecimiento y desarrollo. Existen factores ambientales que no pueden evitarse, como la exposición a metales pesados a través de fuentes naturales como el agua. El arsénico es un metaloide que puede causar un daño a la salud (alteraciones del estado nutricio, diabetes, cáncer) y ha sido encontrado en concentraciones superiores a las permitidas en el agua de consumo.Objetivo: medir el efecto de una suplementación de vitaminas y minerales sobre el estado nutricio y la excreción urinaria de arsénico en adolescentes expuestos a este metal a través de agua de consumo.Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención y longitudinal para la valorar la eficacia de la suplementación de vitaminas y minerales sobre la suplementación en 45 adolescentes, expuestos a arsénico en agua de consumo, a quienes se dio un suplemento multivitamínico diariamente durante cuatro semanas. De forma semanal se evaluaron el estado nutricio y los niveles de arsénico en orina y en agua de consumo.Resultados: en la población de estudio se observó que el consumo nutrimental basal fue bajo para proteínas, fibra, ácido fólico, vitamina B2, B6, B12, E, C, selenio y hierro, incrementando su consumo a través del suplemento durante la intervención y con un aumento de aproximadamente 1 g/dl de hemoglobina en todos los participantes. Al final de la intervención presentaron incremento de masa libre de grasa y disminución en el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Por otro lado, en cuanto a la excreción urinaria de arsénico, se observó mayor eliminación de este metal (35,91 µg/g Cr [IC 95% = 23,2-74,8 µg/g Cr]) desde la primera semana de intervención, la cual fue estadísticamente significativa en comparación con los niveles basales de arsénico urinario (43,2 µg/g Cr [IC 95% = 30,8-117,6 µg/g Cr]) (p < 0,05), con un consumo promedio de agua con As de 96,2 ± 7,5 µg/l.Conclusión: la suplementación con vitaminas y minerales de cuatro semanas en la población de adolescentes estudiada mejoró el estado nutricio y aumentó la excreción del metaloide de manera significativa en la primera y segunda semana postintervención.